Ballard, Stephen T., Ph.D.

Ballard, Stephen T., Ph.D.
Professor
Phone: (251) 460-6811
Fax: (251) 460-6464
sballard@usouthal.edu

Research Description

Control of the volume of surface liquid which covers the pulmonary epithelium is critical for normal mucociliary clearance and for efficient gas exchange. The role that active transepithelial ion transport plays as a driving force for liquid movement across small airways is currently under study. We measure the bioelectric properties of isolated bronchi and bronchioles as correlates of active ion transport activity. We then use selective transport inhibitors and stimulators to determine which transport pathways are present and how these processes are regulated. In persons afflicted with cystic fibrosis (CF), a molecular defect in an epithelial chloride channel is present that leads to a myriad of pathological problems, the most critical of which involves secretion of thickened, dehydrated mucus into the airways. A major focus of our research is to determine how such defects in chloride ion transport are mechanistically related to the development of the symptoms observed in cystic fibrosis patients. Our most recent findings strongly suggest that fluid secretion from the submucosal glands of the trachea and bronchial airways is disrupted in CF, leading to the production of a highly concentrated mucus that is poorly cleared from the airways by cough or by mucociliary transport. We believe that these findings are of tremendous importance for understanding the underlying cause of CF lung disease and for development of effective treatments.

EDUCATION
	North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC B.S., Zoology, 1976

	University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY M.S., Toxicology, 1981

	University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC Ph.D., Toxicology, 1989

EMPLOYMENT
	1977-78 Operator and chemist for water and wastewater treatment facilities, Town of Hillsborough, NC. Supervisor: Clarence Rosemond.

	1978-80 Master's thesis research - Pharmacology and pharmacokinetics of phenothiazine tranquilizers in the horse, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY. Advisor: Dr. Thomas Tobin.

	1980-82 Aquatic toxicologist - University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY. Supervisor: Dr. Jeffrey Black.

	1982-89 Doctoral dissertation research - Study of solute and water transport across rat pulmonary alveolar epithelium, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC. Advisor: Dr. John T. Gatzy.

	1989-1990 Postdoctoral Research - Study of vascular pressure responses to vasoconstriction and vasodilation in skeletal muscle microvasculature. Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M University, Advisor: Dr. Gerald A. Meininger.

	1990-1995 Assistant Professor - Study of pulmonary airway microvascular and epithelial transport physiology, Department of Physiology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL.

	1995-2002 Associate Professor - Study of pulmonary airway microvascular and epithelial transport physiology, Department of Physiology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL.

	2001 (July-December) Sabbatical, Tayside Institute of Child Health, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee University, Dundee, Scotland.

	2002-present Professor - Study of pulmonary airway microvascular and epithelial transport physiology, Department of Physiology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL.
MEMBERSHIP IN PROFESSIONAL SOCIETIES
	American Physiological Society American Association for the Advancement of Science New York Academy of Sciences Da Vinci Society
HONORS AND AWARDS
	Invited Speaker "Model Systems: Glands vs. Surface Epithelium,"Cystic Fibrosis Foundation Williamsburg Conference, June 2-4, 1995. “CF: Early Disease,” Cystic Fibrosis Foundation Williamsburg Conference, May 31- June 2, 1996. “Mechanism of Airway Submucosal Gland Secretion,” Cystic Fibrosis Foundation Williamsburg Conference, May 30 - June 1, 1997. "Airway Ion and Liquid Secretion - Relationship to CF Lung Pathology," Stanford University, March 19, 1998. "Composition of Airway Surface Liquid," Cystic Fibrosis Foundation Williamsburg Conference, May 31 - June 5, 1998. "Ion Transport, Submucosal Glands, and Cystic Fibrosis," Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, October 26, 1998. "The Role of Submucosal Glands in Cystic Fibrosis Lung Disease," Department of Physiology, University of Louisville, November 10, 1998. "Submucosal Glands and Cystic Fibrosis," Cystic Fibrosis and Pulmonary Disease Research Center, University of North Carolina, February 5, 1999. "Airway Anion and Liquid Secretion: Possible Roles in Cystic Fibrosis Lung Disease," Cystic Fibrosis and Pulmonary Disease Research Center, University of North Carolina, December 17, 1999. "Substance P - Mediated Bicarbonate Secretion By Airway Glands" and "Animal Models for Cystic Fibrosis Research," Cystic Fibrosis Foundation Williamsburg Conference, May 19-22, June 5, 2000. "Ion and Liquid Transport in Airways - Clues to the Pathogenesis of Cystic Fibrosis," Tayside Institute of Child Health, University of Dundee, July 7, 2000. "Airway Ion and Liquid Secretion - Possible Role in CF Lung Disease," Department of Physiological Sciences, Newcastle University, July 10, 2000. "Anion Secretion Inhibitors Impair Mucociliary Transport" and "Comparative Anatomy of Airway Glands," Cystic Fibrosis Foundation Williamsburg Conference, June 1-5, 2001. "Liquid Secretion From Airway Glands and Consequences of Its Inhibition," Annual North American Cystic Fibrosis Conference, Orlando FL, October 28, 2001. "Ion and Fluid Secretion in Airway Submucosal Glands," Scottish Membrane Transport Group, Dundee University, November 30, 2001. "Role of Airway Submucosal Glands in Cystic Fibrosis Lung Disease," Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, February 6, 2002. "Anion, Liquid, and Mucus Secretion in Airways - A Role in Cystic Fibrosis?" Stanford University, July 26, 2002. "Anion and Fluid Transport in the Mammalian Airway," Annual North American Cystic Fibrosis Conference, New Orleans, October 6, 2002. "Anion Secretion, Submucosal Glands, and Cystic Fibrosis," University of Miami, February 18, 2003. "Anion and Fluid Transport in the Mammalian Airway." European Cystic Fibrosis Society Meeting, Belfast, NIR, June 5, 2003. "Pigs, CF, and Glands," Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, Stanford University, September 4, 2003. Reviews Guest Reviewer: American Journal of Physiology, Heart and Circulatory Physiology American Journal of Physiology, Lung Molecular and Cellular Physiology American Journal of Physiology, Cell Physiology Journal of Biological Chemistry Journal of Clinical Investigation Journal of General Physiology Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics Journal of Applied Physiology Life Sciences American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology Journal of Physiology (London) Grant Review Study Sections: NIH-HLBI Respiratory and Applied Physiology Study Section, Ad Hoc Member, 1995-1996. NIH-HLBI Cystic Fibrosis SCOR Grant Study Section, January 1998. Cystic Fibrosis Foundation, Grant-in-Aids reviewer, December 1999. Canadian Cystic Fibrosis Foundation, Grant-in-Aids reviewer, September 2001. Cystic Fibrosis Foundation, Research Development Program grants reviewer, May 2002. NIH-HLBI Special Emphasis Panel, Molecular Mechanisms of Mucous Cell Metaplasia and Excess Mucous Secretion in Human Airway Diseases, December 2002.
TEACHING (Summary of Total Experience)
	Medical Physiology: Basic science training for medical students Biophysics and Transport - 8 contact hrs Gastrointestinal Physiology - 12 contact hrs Respiratory and Cardiovascular Laboratories - 8 contact hrs Renal Physiology - 8 contact hrs Coursemaster (1995-1998) Advanced Cardiovascular Physiology: Advanced physiology for graduate level students Microcirculatory Physiology - 4 contact hrs Advanced Respiratory Physiology: Advanced physiology for graduate level students Epithelial Transport Physiology - 2 contact hrs Advanced Gastrointestinal Physiology: Advanced physiology for graduate level students (Co-Course Director) Epithelial Transport Physiology - 10 contact hrs Undergraduate Medical Physiology: Preparatory physiology for minority medical students Biophysics and Transport - 6 contact hrs Gastrointestinal Physiology - 4 contact hrs Special Topics in Physiology: Solute and Ion Transport: Advanced physiology for graduate level students - 30 contact hrs Student Literature Reports: Supervision of literature review and presentation by students 15 contact hrs Lung Biology: Advanced graduate pulmonary physiology Epithelial Transport - 3 contact hrs Mucociliary Transport - 1.5 contact hrs Antimicrobial Defense - 1.5 contact hrs
STUDENT TRAINING
	Graduate Students Masters Thesis Committee Charlyn Partridge (2001- ) Doctorate Dissertation Committees: Peter Wilson, M.D. (1993) Timothy Moore (1994-1996) Abdul Ibrahim (1995-1998) Arin Bhattacharjee (1996-2000) Ron MacMillon (1996-1998) Mark Taylor (1996-99) Laura Trout (1997-2003) Doctorate Dissertation Advisor: Joseph D. Fountain (1992-1994) Laura Trout (1997-2003 ) Post-Doctoral Fellows Michel Corboz, Ph.D. (1992-1997) Sarah K. Inglis, Ph.D. (1994-1997) Susanta Dey, Ph.D. (2003) Medical Student Directed Research Scott Boyette (1990) Randall Nations (1991) Tracy Neal (1992) - award for best presentation Stephanie Jackson (1993) Paul Enochs (1994) Stephen Rogers (1994) Robert Southhard (1998) Clinton Howard (1999) Amy Bowden (2003) - award for best presentation Undergraduate Student Directed Research Stephen Schepens (1991) Laura Trout (1996) Amy Bowden (2002-2003) Vyshali Reddy (2003)
INSTITUTIONAL SERVICE
	University Service Medical Student Research Committee Member (1990-1993) Chairman (1993) Distinguished Scientist Seminar Committee (1991-1993, 1994-1995) Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (1991-1994, 1998-2001, 2002- ) Medical College Admissions Committee Ad Hoc Member (1992-1994, 1998-present) Member (1994-1997) Graduate Education in the Basic Sciences Committee (1994-1998) Biomedical Enrichment and Recruitment Program (1996-98) Medical Student Evaluation and Promotion Committee (1997-2000) University of South Alabama Faculty Senate (1997-2000) University Research Council (1998-2000) Graduate Curriculum Committee (1999- ) Graduate Faculty Student Evaluation Committee (2000- ) Departmental Service Seminar Coordinator (1991-1995) Coursemaster, Medical Physiology (1995-1998) Director of Departmental Graduate Studies (2000-2002)
RESEARCH GRANT SUPPORT
	Current National Institutes of Health - Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; "Airway Submucosal Glands and Cystic Fibrosis Disease;" Principal Investigator; $750,000 for 5/1/01 to 4/30/05. Previous Cystic Fibrosis Foundation; "Pharmacological Model of Cystic Fibrosis Lung Disease;" Principal Investigator; $80,000 for 4/1/99 to 3/31/01. National Institutes of Health - Heart, Lung, Blood Institute; "Regional Ion Transport Across Airway Epithelium;" Principal Investigator; $350,000 for 4/1/95 to 3/31/00. Cystic Fibrosis Foundation; "Regional Ion Transport Across Airway Epithelium;" Principal Investigator; $144,341 for 2/1/94 to 1/31/96. Cystic Fibrosis Foundation; "Solute and Water Transport Across Porcine Airway Epithelium;" Principal Investigator; $60,000 for 7/1/92 to 6/30/94. American Heart Association, Alabama Affiliate; "Solute and Liquid Transport Across Small Airway Epithelium;" Principal Investigator; $18,640 for 7/1/91 to 6/30/92. Intramural Research Grant Award, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama; "Solute and Water Transport Across Small Airway Epithelium;" Principal Investigator; $5,000 for 1/17/1991 to 1/16/92.
PUBLICATIONS
Articles and Monographs
Tobin T. and S. Ballard. The phenothiazine tranquilizers. J. Eq. Med. Surg. 3:460 466, 1979. Ballard, S.T. The pharmacokinetics, pharmacological responses, and behavioral effects of acepromazine in the horse. Master's thesis in toxicology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 1981. Ballard, S. and T. Tobin. Atypical conditions for quantitative recovery of acepromazine and chlorpromazine from plasma. J. Tox. Environ. Health 7:745 751, 1981. Ballard, S.T., T. Shults, A.A. Kownacki, and T. Tobin. Pharmacokinetics, pharmacological responses, and behavioral effects of acepromazine in the horse. J. Vet. Pharmacol. Ther. 5:21 31, 1982. Ballard, S.T. Solute and water transport by the pulmonary alveolar epithelium of the rat. Doctoral dissertation in toxicology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, 1989. Krochmal, E.M., S.T. Ballard, J.R. Yankaskas, R.C. Boucher, and J.T. Gatzy. Volume and ion transport by fetal rat alveolar and tracheal epithelia in submersion culture. Am. J. Physiol. 256:F397 F407, 1989. Gatzy, J.T., E.M. Krochmal, and S.T. Ballard. "Solution transport across alveolar epithelia of fetal and adult lungs" in Epithelia: Advances in Cell Physiology and Cell Culture, ed. Christopher S. Jones, Kluwer, Lancaster, pp. 233-253, 1990. Ballard, S.T., M.A. Hill, and G.A. Meininger. Effect of vasodilation and vasoconstriction on microvascular pressures in skeletal muscle. Microcirc. Endoth. Lymphatics 7:109-131, 1991. Ballard, S.T. and J.T. Gatzy. Volume flow across the alveolar epithelium of the rat. J. Appl. Physiol. 70:1665-1676, 1991. Ballard, S.T. and J.T. Gatzy. Alveolar transepithelial pd and ion transport in the adult rat lung. J. Appl. Physiol. 70:63-69, 1991. Ballard, S.T., R.H. Nations, and A.E. Taylor. Microvascular pressure profile of the serosal vessels of the rat trachea. Am. J. Physiol. 262:H1303-H1304, 1992. Ballard, S.T., S.M. Schepens, J.C. Falcone, G.A. Meininger, and A.E. Taylor. Regional bioelectric properties of porcine airway epithelium. J. Appl. Physiol. 73:2021-2027, 1992. Taylor, A.E. and S.T. Ballard. Transvascular exchange of fluid in the airways. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 146:S24-S27, 1992. Ballard, S.T., and A.E. Taylor. Bioelectric properties of proximal bronchial epithelium. Am. J. Physiol. 267:L79-L84, 1994. Negrini, D., S.T. Ballard, and J.N. Benoit. Contribution of lymphatic myogenic activity and of respiratory movements to pleural lymph flow. J. Appl. Physiol. 76:2267-2274, 1994. Khimenko, P.L., J.W. Barnard, T.M. Moore, P.S. Wilson, S.T. Ballard, and A.E. Taylor. Vascular permeability and epithelial transport effects on lung edema formation in ischemia and reperfusion injury. J. Appl. Physiol.77:1116-1121, 1994. Ballard, S.T., J.H. Hunter, and A.E. Taylor. The regulation of tight junction permeability during nutrient absorption across the intestinal epithelium. Annual Rev. Nutr. 15: 35-55, 1995. Corboz, M.R., S.T. Ballard, and A.E. Taylor. Distribution of functional adrenergic receptor subtypes in the microcirculation of rat trachea. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 151(5):1589-1596, 1995. Ballard, S.T., J.D. Fountain, S.K. Inglis, and A.E. Taylor. Chloride secretion across distal airway epithelium: relationship to submucosal gland distribution. Am. J. Physiol. 268:L526-L531, 1995. Corboz, M.R., S.T. Ballard, S.K. Inglis, and A.E. Taylor. Tracheal microvascular responses to inhibition of nitric oxide synthesis in anesthetized rats. Am. J. Respir. Crit Care Med. 154:1382-1386, 1996. Corboz, M.R., S.T. Ballard, S.K. Inglis, and A.E. Taylor. β-Adrenergic stimulation of the tracheal microvasculature in anesthetized rats. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 153:1093, 1996. Inglis, K.I., M.R. Corboz, A.E. Taylor, and S.T. Ballard. Regulation of ion transport across porcine distal bronchi. Am. J. Physiol. 14:L279-L297, 1996. Corboz, M.R., S.T. Ballard, S.K. Inglis, and A.E. Taylor. Dilatory effect of furosemide on tracheal arterioles and venules. Am. J. Respir. Crit Care Med. 156:478-483, 1997. Inglis, S.K., M.R. Corboz, A.E. Taylor, and S.T. Ballard. Effect of anion transport inhibition on mucus secretion by airway submucosal glands. Am. J. Physiol. 272:L372-L377, 1997. Inglis, S.K., M.R. Corboz, A.E. Taylor, and S.T. Ballard. In situ visualization of bronchial submucosal glands and their secretory response to acetylcholine. Am. J. Physiol. 272:L203-L210, 1997. Corboz, M.R., and S.T. Ballard. “Intravital microscopy: airway circulation,” in Methods in Pulmonary Research, eds. S. Uhlig and A.E. Taylor, Birkauser-Verlag, Basel, 1998. Inglis, S.K., M.R. Corboz, and S.T. Ballard. Effect of anion secretion inhibitors on mucin content of airway submucosal gland ducts. Am J. Physiol. 274:L762-L766, 1998. Trout, L., M. King, W. Feng, S.K. Inglis, and S.T. Ballard. Inhibition of airway liquid secretion and its effects on the physical properties of airway mucus. Am. J. Physiol. 274:L258-L263, 1998. Trout, L., J.T. Gatzy, and S.T. Ballard. Contribution of chloride and bicarbonate transport to acetylcholine-induced liquid secretion in porcine bronchial epithelium. Am. J. Physiol. 275:L1095-L1099, 1998. Ballard, S.T., L. Trout, Z. Bebok, E.J. Sorscher, and A. Crews. CFTR involvement in chloride, bicarbonate and liquid secretion by airway submucosal glands. Am. J. Physiol. 277:L694-L699, 1999. Corboz, M.R., S.T. Ballard, H. Gao, J.N. Benoit, S.K. Inglis, and A.E. Taylor. Differential effects of furosemide on porcine vascular and bronchial smooth muscle. J. Appl. Physiol. 89:1360-1364, 2000. Crews, A., A.E. Taylor, and S.T. Ballard. Liquid transport properties of tracheal epithelium. J. Appl. Physiol.91:797-802, 2001. Trout, L., M.R. Corboz, and S.T. Ballard. Mechanism of substance P-induced liquid secretion across porcine bronchial epithelium. Am. J. Physiol. 281:L639-L645, 2001. Ballard, S.T., L. Trout, A. Mehta, and S.K. Inglis. Liquid secretion inhibitors reduce mucociliary transport in glandular airways. Am. J. Physiol. 283:L329-L335, 2002. Trout, L., M.I. Townsley, A. Bowden, and S.T. Ballard. Disruptive effects of anion secretion inhibitors on airway mucus morphology in isolated perfused pig lungs. J. Physiol. 549.3:845-853, 2003. Ballard, S.T. and S.K. Inglis. Liquid secretion properties of airway submucosal glands. J. Physiol. (accepted) Ballard, S.T. Airway liquid secretion and cystic fibrosis lung disease. Physiology Online (online publication of the Physiological Society)(accepted)
Abstracts
Ballard, S., C.G. White, W.E. Woods, J. Voss, and T. Tobin. Biochemical and behavioral effects of reserpine in the horse. Proceedings of the Second Equine Pharmacology Symposium, 1978. Ballard, S. and T. Tobin. Recovery of chlorpromazine and acepromazine from equine plasma. Proceedings of the Nineteenth Annual Society of Toxicology Symposium, 1980. Ballard, S. and T. Tobin. Pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, and behavioral effects of acepromazine in the horse. Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on the Control of the Use of Drugs in Racehorses, 1981. Ballard, S.T. and J.T. Gatzy. Formaldehyde effects on bioelectric properties of bullfrog lung. Toxicologist 4:62, 1984. Gatzy, J.T., J.R. Yankaskas, and S.T. Ballard. PD and lumenal liquid composition of fetal rat lungs in submersion culture. Pharmacologist 27:186, 1985. Ballard, S.T., R.C. Boucher, and J.T. Gatzy. Liquid clearance from alveoli of perfused rat lung. Fed. Proc. 45:1013, 1986. Gatzy, J.T., E.M. Krochmal, S.T. Ballard, and J.R. Yankaskas. Liquid secretion and ion transport by fetal alveolar and tracheal epithelium in submersion culture. Fed. Proc. 45:1013, 1986. Ballard S.T. and Gatzy J.T. Measurement of volume changes in liquid filled alveoli of isolated perfused rat lungs. Fed. Proc. 46:814, 1987. Ballard, S.T. and J.T. Gatzy. Microelectrode analysis of the transepithelial pd of liquid filled alveoli of rat lung. FASEB J. 2:A706, 1988. Ballard, S.T. and J.T. Gatzy. Regional bioelectric pd and Cl- perselectivity of epithelia of liquid filled rat lung. FASEB J. 4:A1092, 1990. Ballard, S.T., M.A. Hill, and G.A. Meininger. Differential effects of dilation and constriction on skeletal muscle microvascular pressure. FASEB J. 4:A1245, 1990. Ballard, S.T., S. Boyette, and A.E. Taylor. Diameter responses of tracheal microvessels to topical application of norepinephrine. Fifth World Congress for Microcirculation, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 1991. Ballard, S.T., S. Schepens, J. Falcone, G. Meininger, and A.E. Taylor. Regional bioelectric properties of porcine airway epithelia. FASEB J., 6:A2043,1992. Nations, R.H., A.E. Taylor, and S.T. Ballard. Intravascular pressure profile of the tracheal microcirculation. FASEB J.6:A1736, 1992. Ballard, S.T., and A.E. Taylor. Bioelectric properties of porcine bronchiolar epithelium. Proc. XXXII Cong. Intl. Union. Physiol. Sci., (Sunday), p. 106, 1993. Ballard, S.T., and A.E. Taylor. Bioelectric properties of perfused porcine bronchioles. FASEB J. 7:A435, 1993. Corboz, M.R., S.T. Ballard, and A.E. Taylor. Effect of β-adrenoceptor blockade on tracheal microvascular responses to norepinephrine. FASEB J. 7:A542, 1993. Corboz, M.R., S.T. Ballard, and A.E. Taylor. Tracheal microvascular responses to α-adrenergic stimulation. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 147:A139, 1993. Corboz, M.R., S.T. Ballard, and A.E. Taylor. Constrictor responses of tracheal microvasculature to nonselective α-adrenergic stimulation. Proc. XXXII Cong. Intl. Union Phyiol. Sci. (Wednesday), p. 175, 1993. Negrini, D., S. Ballard, and J. Benoit. Amiloride decreases lymphatic removal from the pleural space in spontaneously breathing rabbits. FASEB J. 7:A540, 1993. Ballard, S.T., J.D. Fountain, S.K. Inglis, A.E. Taylor. Chloride secretion across distal airway epithelium: relationship to submucosal gland density. Ped. Pulmon. suppl. 10:210, 1994. Ballard, S.T., J.D. Fountain, and A.E. Taylor. Bioelectric properties of porcine distal bronchial epithelium. FASEB J. 8:A142, 1994. Corboz, M.R., S.T. Ballard, and A.E. Taylor. Effect of α1-adrenoceptor blockade on norepinephrine-induced constriction of tracheal microvessels. Am. J. Respir. Crit. care Med. 149:A541, 1994. Corboz, M.R., S.T. Ballard, and A.E. Taylor. α-Adrenergic stimulation of the tracheal microvasculature in anesthetized rats. FASEB J. 8:A1037, 1994. Khimenko, P.L., J.W. Barnard, T.M. Moore, P.S. Wilson, S.T. Ballard. Effects of active Na+ transport on edema fluid accumulation in ischemia and reperfusion injury in rat lungs. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 149:A821, 1994. Khimenko, P., J. Barnard, T. Moore, P. Wilson, S. Ballard, and A.E. Taylor. Isoproterenol does not affect amiloride sensitive Na+ channels after ischemia and reperfusion. FASEB J. 8:A143, 1994. Corboz, M.R., S.T. Ballard, and A.E. Taylor. In vivo dilation of rat tracheal microvessels by β-adrenergic agonists. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 151:A305, 1995. Corboz, M.R., S.T. Ballard, and A.E. Taylor. Effect of nitric oxide on tracheal microvessel diameters in rats. FASEB J. 9:A132, 1995. Inglis, S.K., and S.T. Ballard. Effect of acetylcholine (ACh) on ion transport across porcine bronchial epithelia. FASEB J. 9:A277, 1995. Neal, T.L., S.T. Ballard, S.L. Honnell, and A.E. Taylor. Sodium and chloride transport across porcine tracheal epithelium. FASEB J. 9:A278, 1995. Inglis, S.K., M.R. Corboz, and S.T. Ballard. Inhibition of anion (and presumably liquid) secretion results in mucus obstruction of bronchial submucosal glands. Ped. Pulmon. suppl. 13:244, 1996. Corboz, M.R., S.T. Ballard, S.K. Inglis, and A.E. Taylor. alpha-Adrenergic blockade attenuates tracheal microvascular responses to nitroic oxide synthase. FASEB J. 10:A112, 1996. Corboz, M.R., S.T. Ballard, S.K. Inglis, and A.E. Taylor. Furosemide-induced dilation in rat tracheal arterioles is not mediated by nitric oxide. Microcirc 3:83, 1996. Corboz, M.R., S.T. Ballard, S.K. Inglis, and A.E. Taylor. Furosemide-induced dilation of rat tracheal microvessels. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 153:A818, 1996. Inglis, S.K., M.R. Corboz, A.E. Taylor, and S.T. Ballard. Direct visualization of acetylcholine-induced secretion by bronchial submucosal glands. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 153:A483, 1996. Inglis, S.K., M.R. Corboz, A.E. Taylor, and S.T. Ballard. Uncoupling of liquid and mucus secretion from bronchial submucosal glands. FASEB J. 10:A358, 1996. Corboz, M.R., S.T. Ballard, S.K. Inglis, and A.E. Taylor. Furosemide-induced dilation of rat tracheal arterioles is dependent on membrane potential. Microcirculation 4:159, 1997. Ballard, S.T., L. Trout, S.K. Inglis, and M.R. Corboz. Role of chloride and bicarbonate in acetylcholine-induced liquid secretion from porcine bronchi. Ped. Pulmonol. Suppl. 14:232, 1997. Ballard, S.T., L. Trout, S.K. Inglis, M.R. Corboz, and A.E. Taylor. Contribution of anion secretion to acetylcholine-induced liquid secretion from porcine distal bronchi. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. A435, 1997. Corboz, M.R., S.T. Ballard, H. Gao, J.N. Benoit, S.K. Inglis, and A.E. Taylor. Effect of furosemide on porcine vascular and bronchial smooth muscle. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. A124, 1997. Corboz, M.R., S.T. Ballard, S.K. Inglis, and A.E. Taylor. Furosemide-induced dilation of rat tracheal microvessels is not mediated by cyclooxygenase product. FASEB J. 3:A347, 1997. Inglis, S.K., M.R. Corboz, and S.T. Ballard. Effect of Cl- and HCO3- transport blockers on submucosal gland duct mucin content in acetylcholine-treated bronchi. Ped. Pulmonol. Suppl. 14:232, 1997. Inglis, S.K., M.R. Corboz, L. Trout, A.E. Taylor, and S.T. Ballard. Effect of HCO3- secretion inhibitors on acetylcholine-induced PD and glandular mucin content in distal bronchi. FASEB J. 3:A562, 1997. Trout, L., Inglis, S.K., M.R. Corboz, A.E. Taylor, and S.T. Ballard. Effect of ion transport inhibitors on rate of acetylcholine-induced bronchial liquid secretion. FASEB J. 3:A562, 1997. Trout, L., M. King, W. Feng, and S.T. Ballard. Inhibition of acetylcholine-induced liquid secretion in distal bronchi and its effect on rheological properties of airway mucus. Ped. Pulmonol. Suppl. 14:232, 1997. Ballard, S.T., A. Crews, and A.E. Taylor. Hydraulic conductivity of porcine tracheal epithelium. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 157:A556, 1998. Corboz, M.R., S.T. Ballard, and A.E. Taylor. Dilatory responses of rat tracheal arterioles to furosemide and bumetanide. FASEB J. 12:A116, 1998. Ballard, S.T. and A. Crews. Evidence that apical membrane chloride channels are not involved in liquid absorption across airway epithelium. Ped. Pulmonol. Suppl. 17:228, 1998. Trout, L., Bebok, Z., E.J. Sorscher, and S.T. Ballard. Evidence for CFTR involvement in acetylcholine-induced liquid secretion by porcine airway epithelium. Ped. Pulmonol. Suppl. 17:229, 1998. Ballard, S.T., L. Trout, and A. Crews. Effect of CFTR inhibition on acetlcholine-induced bicarbonate secretion by porcine bronchi Ped. Pulmonol. suppl. 19:192, 1999. Southard, R., S. Laurendine, L. Trout, and S.T. Ballard. Inhibition of liquid secretion from airway submucosal glands and its effect on mucociliary transport. Ped. Pulmonol. suppl. 19:192, 1999. Ballard, S.T., and C. Howard. Inhibitory effects of bumetanide and dimethylamiloride in ACh-induced liquid secretion across porcine bronchial epithelium. FASEB J. 14:A781, 2000. Ballard, S.T., L. Trout, and A. Crews. Regulation of liquid secretion across porcine bronchi. FASEB J. 14:A781, 2000. Ballard, S.T., and L. Trout. Effect of anion transport inhibitors on bicarbonate secretion by substance P-stimulated bronchi. Ped. Pulmonol. suppl. 20:200, 2000. Trout, L., and S.T. Ballard. Mechanism and localization of substance P-induced liquid secretion in porcine bronchi. Ped. Pulmonol. suppl. 20:207, 2000. Ballard, S.T., L. Trout, A. Mehta, and S.K. Inglis. Liquid secretion inhibitors profoundly reduce mucociliary transport in glandular airways. Ped. Pulmonol. suupl. 22:207, 2001. Trout, L., and S.T. Ballard. Toward a pharmacological model of CF in swine: plasma pharmacokinetics of bumetanide and dimethylamiloride. Ped. Pulmonol. suppl. 22:228, 2001. Ballard, S.T. Bicarbonate concentration in ACh-induced airway liquid is dependent upon the volume but not rate of secretion. FASEB J. 16:A819, 2002. 59. Trout, L. and S.T. Ballard. Effect of anion and liquid secretion inhibitors on airway mucus in the isolated perfused pig lung. Ped. Pulmonol. suppl 24:219, 2002. Ballard, S.T. Suppression of mucociliary transport by anion and liquid secretion inhibitors and its reversal by benzamil. Ped. Pulmonol. suppl 24:219, 2002. Ballard, S.T., S.K. Inglis, J. Garrison, and L. Trout. Forskolin-induced liquid and bicarbonate secretion in porcine bronchi. FASEB J. 17:A1226, 2003.